Ammonia - Wikipedia

Ammonia - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Etymology 2 Natural occurrence (abiological) Toggle Natural occurrence (abiological) subsection 2.1 Atmospheric occurrence 2.2 Reactions of atmospheric ammonia 3 Properties Toggle Properties subsection 3.1 Solid 3.2 Liquid 3.3 Solvent properties 3.3.1 Redox properties of liquid ammonia 3.4 Structure 3.5 Basicity 3.6 Self-dissociation 3.7 Combustion 3.8 Precursor to organonitrogen compounds 3.9 Precursor to inorganic nitrogenous compounds 3.10 Reactions relevant to ammonia detection 4 History 5 Applications Toggle Applications subsection 5.1 Fertilizer 5.2 Refrigeration–R717 5.3 Antimicrobial agent for food products 5.4 Fuel 5.4.1 Ships and maritime transport 5.4.2 Vehicles, aviation and space 5.4.3 Power stations 5.5 Other 5.5.1 Remediation of gaseous emissions 5.5.2 Stimulant 5.5.3 Textile 5.5.4 Lifting gas 5.5.5 Fuming 5.5.6 Cleaning agent 6 Safety 7 Toxicity Toggle Toxicity subsection 7.1 Coking wastewater 7.2 Aquaculture 7.3 Storage information 7.4 Laboratory 7.5 Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid) 8 Production Toggle Production subsection 8.1 Haber–Bosch 8.2 Electrochemical 9 Biochemistry and medicine Toggle Biochemistry and medicine subsection 9.1 Biosynthesis 9.2 Physiology 9.3 Excretion 10 Extraterrestrial occurrence Toggle Extraterrestrial occurrence subsection 10.1 Interstellar space 10.1.1 Interstellar formation mechanisms 10.1.2 Interstellar destruction mechanisms 10.1.3 Single antenna detections 10.1.4 Interferometric studies 10.1.5 Infrared detections 10.1.6 Observations of nearby dark clouds 10.1.7 UC HII regions 10.1.8 Extragalactic detection 11 See also 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Works cited 13 Further reading 14 External links Toggle the table of contents Ammonia 115 languages Afrikaans العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bikol Central Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Беларуская Български বাংলা Bosanski Català کوردی Qırımtatarca Čeština Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Français Nordfriisk Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Jawa ქართული Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Limburgs Lietuvių Latviešu Malagasy Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Plattdüütsch नेपाली Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português ရခိုင် Română Русский Саха тыла Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina ChiShona Shqip Српски / srpski Sunda Svenska Kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 文言閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語中文 IsiZulu Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "NH3", "Ammoniac", and "R-717" redirect here. For NH+4, see Ammonium. For the gum ammoniac, see Ammoniacum. For the route in South Africa, see R717 (South Africa). For other uses, see NH 3 (disambiguation) and Ammonia (disambiguation). \n",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Chembox\n","href":"./Template:Chembox"},"params":{"Watchedfields":{"wt":"changed"},"verifiedrevid":{"wt":"4453674488"},"ImageFileL2":{"wt":"Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png"},"ImageNameL2":{"wt":"Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule"},"ImageClassL2":{"wt":"bg-transparent"},"ImageFileR2":{"wt":"Ammonia-3D-vdW.png"},"ImageNameR2":{"wt":"Space-filling model of the ammonia molecule"},"ImageClassR2":{"wt":"bg-transparent"},"Name":{"wt":"Ammonia"},"ImageFile1":{"wt":"Ammonia-2D.svg"},"ImageSize1":{"wt":"150px"},"ImageName1":{"wt":"Stereo structural formula of the ammonia molecule"},"ImageClass1":{"wt":"skin-invert-image"},"IUPACName":{"wt":"Ammonia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Red_Book_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Red_Book_2005.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005}}</ref>"},"SystematicName":{"wt":"Azane"},"OtherNames":{"wt":"{{ubli|Hydrogen nitride|R-717|R717 (refrigerant)|Amidogen|Hydrogen amine|Nitrogen hydride}}"},"Section1":{"wt":"{{Chembox Identifiers\n|InChI = 1/H3N/h1H3\n|InChIKey = QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYAF\n|CASNo = 7664-41-7\n|CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}\n|PubChem = 222\n|ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}\n|ChEMBL = 1160819\n|ChemSpiderID = 217\n|ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}\n|UNII = 5138Q19F1X\n|UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}\n|EINECS = 231-635-3\n|UNNumber = 1005\n|KEGG = D02916\n|KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}\n|MeSHName = Ammonia\n|ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}\n|ChEBI = 16134\n|RTECS = BO0875000\n|SMILES = N\n|StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}\n|StdInChI = 1S/H3N/h1H3\n|StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}\n|StdInChIKey = QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N\n|Beilstein = 3587154\n|Gmelin = 79\n|3DMet = B00004}}"},"Section2":{"wt":"{{Chembox Properties\n|Formula = {{Chem2|NH3}}\n|N=1|H=3\n|Appearance = Colourless gas\n|Odour = Strong pungent odour\n|Density = {{ubli|0.86 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at boiling point)|0.769 kg/m3 (STP)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html|title=Gases – Densities|website=The Engineering Toolbox|access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>|0.73 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at 15 °C)|0.6819 g/cm3 at −33.3 °C (liquid)<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPGzhL3Y50YC&pg=PA132|page=132|title=Systematic Inorganic Chemistry|last=Yost |first=Don M.|chapter=Ammonia and Liquid Ammonia Solutions|publisher=Read Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4067-7302-6}}</ref> See also [[Ammonia (data page)]]|0.817 g/cm3 at −80 °C (transparent solid)<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/00337577508240819|title=On crystalline character of transparent solid ammonia|year=1975|last=Blum |first=Alexander|journal=Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids|volume=24|issue=4|page=277|bibcode=1975RadEf..24..277B }}</ref>}}\n|MeltingPtC = −77.73\n|MeltingPt_notes = ([[Triple point]] at 6.060 kPa, 195.4 K)\n|BoilingPtC = −33.34\n|CriticalTP = {{convert|132.4|C|K}}, {{convert|111.3|atm|kPa|abbr=on}}\n|Solubility = {{ubli|530 g/L (20 °C)|320 g/L (25 °C)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ammonia|publisher=The American Chemical Society|access-date=20 March 2024|date=8 February 2021 |url=https://www.acs.org/molecule-of-the-week/archive/a/ammonia.html}}</ref>}}\n|SolubleOther = soluble in [[chloroform]], [[diethyl ether|ether]], [[ethanol]], [[methanol]]\n|pKa = 32.5 (−33 °C),<ref>{{cite book |last=Perrin |first=D. D. |title=Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution |edition=2nd |publisher=Pergamon Press |location=Oxford |year=1982}}</ref> 9.24 (of ammonium)\n|pKb = 4.75\n|ConjugateAcid = [[Ammonium]]\n|ConjugateBase = [[Azanide|Amide]]\n|RefractIndex = 1.3327\n|Viscosity = {{ubli|10.07 µPa·s (25 °C)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Iwasaki|first1=Hiroji|last2=Takahashi|first2=Mitsuo|title=Studies on the transport properties of fluids at high pressure|journal=The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan|volume=38|issue=1|year=1968}}</ref>|0.276 mPa·s (−40 °C)}}\n|VaporPressure = 857.3 kPa\n|MagSus = {{val|-18.0|e=-6|u=cm3/mol}}\n}}"},"Section3":{"wt":"{{Chembox Structure\n|MolShape = [[Trigonal pyramid]]\n|Dipole = 1.42 [[Debye|D]]\n|PointGroup = C3v\n}}"},"Section4":{"wt":"{{Chembox Thermochemistry\n|DeltaHf = −46 kJ/mol<ref name=\"Zumdahl-2009\">{{cite book| last = Zumdahl |first=Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles |edition=6th |publisher = Houghton Mifflin | year = 2009| isbn = 978-0-618-94690-7|page=A22}}</ref>\n|Entropy = 193 J/(mol·K)<ref name=\"Zumdahl-2009\"/>\n}}"},"Section5":{"wt":"{{Chembox Hazards\n|GHSPictograms = {{GHS05}} {{GHS06}} {{GHS09}}\n|GHSSignalWord = Danger\n|HPhrases = {{H-phrases| H314 | H331 | H410}}\n|PPhrases = {{P-phrases|P260 | P273 | P280 | P303 + P361 + P353 | P304 + P340 + P311 | P305 + P351 + P338 + P310}}\n|GHS_ref =<ref name=\"SigmaAldrich\">{{Sigma-Aldrich|id=294993|name=Ammonia|access-date=27 December 2021}}</ref>\n|ExternalSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0414.htm ICSC 0414] ([[anhydrous]])\n|NFPA-H = 3\n|NFPA-F = 1\n|NFPA-R = 0\n|NFPA-S = COR\n|FlashPtC =\n|AutoignitionPtC = 651\n|ExploLimits = 15.0–33.6%\n|NIOSH_ref=<ref name=NIOSH>{{PGCH|0028}}</ref>\n|PEL = 50 ppm (25 ppm [[ACGIH]]-TLV; 35 ppm [[STEL]])\n|LD50 = 350 mg/kg (rat, oral)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsc.aux.eng.ufl.edu/_files/msds/153.pdf |title=Ammonia, Anhydrous Safety Data Sheet |website=University of Florida |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>\n|REL = TWA 25 ppm (18 mg/m3) ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m3)\n|IDLH = 300 ppm\n|LC50 = {{ubl|40,300 ppm (rat, 10 min)|28,595 ppm (rat, 20 min)|20,300 ppm (rat, 40 min)|11,590 ppm (rat, 1 hr)|7338 ppm (rat, 1 hr)|4837 ppm (mouse, 1 hr)|9859 ppm (rabbit, 1 hr)|9859 ppm (cat, 1 hr)|2000 ppm (rat, 4 hr)|4230 ppm (mouse, 1 hr)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|7664417|Ammonia}}</ref>}}\n| LCLo = {{ubli|5000 ppm (mammal, 5 min)|5000 ppm (human, 5 min)<ref name=IDLH/>}}\n}}"},"Section6":{"wt":"{{Chembox Related\n|OtherFunction = {{ubli|[[Hydrazine]]|[[Hydrazoic acid]]}}\n|OtherFunction_label = nitrogen hydrides\n|OtherCompounds = {{ubli|[[Ammonium hydroxide]]|[[Phosphine]]|[[Arsine]]|[[Stibine]]|[[Bismuthine]]}}\n}}"}},"i":2}}]}'> Ammonia Stereo structural formula of the ammonia molecule Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule Space-filling model of the ammonia molecule Names IUPAC name Ammonia[1] Systematic IUPAC name Azane Other names Hydrogen nitride R-717 R717 (refrigerant) Amidogen Hydrogen amine Nitrogen hydride Identifiers CAS Number 7664-41-7 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Beilstein Reference 3587154 ChEBI CHEBI:16134 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL1160819 Y ChemSpider 217 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.028.760 EC Number 231-635-3 Gmelin Reference 79 KEGG D02916 Y MeSH Ammonia PubChem Compound ID"}]]}'>CID 222 RTECS number BO0875000 UNII 5138Q19F1X Y UN number 1005 CompTox Dashboard (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency"}]]}'>EPA) DTXSID0023872 InChI InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3 …