GNU - Wikipedia · Qortora

GNU - Wikipedia Gaan na inhoud Hoofkieslys Hoofkieslys skuif na kantbalk versteek Navigasie Tuisblad Geselshoekie Onlangse wysigings Inligting oor Wikipedia Kontakblad Sandput SEARCH  Interaksie Hulp Leer hoe om te wysig Gebruikersportaal Laai lêer Lukrake bladsy Spesiale bladsye TOOLBOX  Soek Soek Voorkoms Skenkings Skep gebruiker Meld aan Persoonlike gereedskap Skenkings Skep gebruiker Meld aan Inhoud skuif na kantbalk versteek Inleiding 1 Sien ook 2 Verwysings 3 Eksterne skakels Wissel die inhoudsopgawe GNU 75 tale العربية Azərbaycanca Български বাংলা Bosanski Català کوردی Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Frysk Galego עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Ilokano Íslenska Italiano 日本語 La .lojban. ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Lombard Lietuvių Latviešu Олык марий Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Tagalog Türkçe Татарча / tatarça ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語中文 Wysig skakels Bladsy Bespreking Afrikaans Lees Wysig Wysig bron Wys geskiedenis Gereedskap Gereedskap skuif na kantbalk versteek Aksies Lees Wysig Wysig bron Wys geskiedenis Algemeen Skakels hierheen Verwante veranderings Permanente skakel Bladinligting Haal dié blad aan Kry verkorte URL Switch to legacy parser Druk/uitvoer Skep boek Laai af as PDF Drukbare weergawe Ander projekte Abstract Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikidata-item Voorkoms skuif na kantbalk versteek in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie <ref name=\"gnu-fsdg\" />"},"kerntipe":{"wt":"[[Linux]]"},"tale":{"wt":"Veeltalig"},"opdateermetode":{"wt":""},"ondersteunde_platforms":{"wt":"IA-32 (net met Hurd kernel) en Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR32, Blackfin, C6x, ETRAX CRIS, FR-V, H8/300, Hexagon, Itanium, M32R, m68k, META, Microblaze, MIPS, MN103, OpenRISC, PA-RISC, PowerPC, s390, S+core, SuperH, SPARC, TILE64, Unicore32, x86, Xtensa (net met Linux-libre)"},"voorafgegaan_deur":{"wt":""},"opgevolg_deur":{"wt":""},"ondersteuningstatus":{"wt":""},"ander_artikels":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}'> GNU Ontwikkelaar Die gemeenskap Webblad www.gnu.org Vrystellings Lisensie GNU GPL, GNU LGPL, GNU AGPL, GNU FDL, GNU FSDG[1][2] Kerntipe Linux Taal(e) Veeltalig Platforms wat ondersteun word IA-32 (net met Hurd kernel) en Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR32, Blackfin, C6x, ETRAX CRIS, FR-V, H8/300, Hexagon, Itanium, M32R, m68k, META, Microblaze, MIPS, MN103, OpenRISC, PA-RISC, PowerPC, s390, S+core, SuperH, SPARC, TILE64, Unicore32, x86, Xtensa (net met Linux-libre) Ondersteuningstatus Verdere leesstof GNU (uitspraak: /ɡnuː/)[3][4] is 'n bedryfstelsel en versameling van rekenaarsagteware.[5][6][7][8][9][10] GNU bestaan heeltemal uit vrye sagteware,[11][12][13] waarvan die meeste onder die GNU-projek se eie Algemene Publieke Lisensie (Engels: General Public License, GPL) gelisensieer is. "GNU" is 'n rekursiewe akroniem vir "GNU's Not Unix!" (Engels, GNU is nie Unix nie).[11][14] Die akroniem is gekies omdat die ontwerp van GNU soortgelyk is aan dié van Unix, maar van Unix verskil deurdat dit vrye sagteware is en geen Unix-bronkode bevat nie.[11][3][15] Die GNU-projek sluit 'n bedryfstelselkern, GNU Hurd, in, wat die oorspronklike fokus van die Free Software Foundation (Engels, Vrye Sagteware-stigting; FSF) was.[11][16][17][18] Aangesien Hurd se kern nog nie produksiegereed is nie,[19] word nie-GNU-kerne, byvoorbeeld die Linux-kern, met GNU-sagteware gebruik.[20][21] Die kombinasie van GNU-sagteware met die Linux-kern is so algemeen dat dit algemeen na verwys word as slegs Linux, en minder algemeen as GNU/Linux. Richard Stallman, stigter van die GNU-projek, beskou GNU as 'n "tegniese middel tot 'n sosiale doeleinde".[22] Lawrence Lessig skryf in sy voorwoord tot die tweede uitgawe van Stallman se boek Free software, free society dat Stallman daarin oor "die sosiale aspekte van sagteware en hoe vrye sagteware gemeenskap en sosiale geregtigheid kan skep" skryf.[23] Sien ook [wysig | wysig bron] Lys van vrye sagteware Vrye Sagteware GNU Algemene Publieke Lisensie Verwysings [wysig | wysig bron] {{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/ |title=GNU Licenses |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511065627/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/ |archive-date=11 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"gnu-fsdg\">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html |title=GNU FSDG |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502110730/https://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html |archive-date=2 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"gnu\">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/ |title=What is GNU? |work=The GNU Operating System |date=4 September 2009 |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]] |access-date=9 Oktober 2009 |quote=The name ‘GNU’ is a [[recursive acronym]] for ‘GNU's Not Unix‘; it is pronounced ''g-noo'', as one syllable with no vowel sound between the ''g'' and the ''n''. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075349/http://www.gnu.org/ |archive-date=13 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"rms-zagreb-talk\">{{en}} {{cite AV media |url=http://mjesec.ffzg.hr/~dpavlin/stallman2006/free_software_movement_and_the_future_of_freedom_zagreb_09_march_2006.ogg |title=The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom |first=Richard |last=Stallman |authorlink=Richard Stallman |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation|FSF Europe]] |location=Zagreb, Kroasië |lay-url=http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html |date=9 Maart 2006 |accessdate=20 Februarie 2007}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"peng\">{{en}} {{cite journal|author1=Yi Peng|author2=Fu Li|author3=Ali Mili|title=Modeling the evolution of operating systems: An empirical study|journal=Journal of Systems and Software|date=Januarie 2007|volume=80|issue=1|pages=1–15|doi=10.1016/j.jss.2006.03.049|url=https://web.njit.edu/~mili/pdf/oss.pdf|accessdate=11 Januarie 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111035552/https://web.njit.edu/~mili/pdf/oss.pdf|archivedate=9 May 2009|quote=''...we have selected a set of fifteen operating systems: Unix, Solaris/Sun OS, BSD, Windows, MS-DOS, MAC OS, Linux, Net Ware, HP UX, GNU Hurd, IBM Aix, Compaq/ DEC VMS, OS/2.''}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"snom\">{{cite web |url=https://www.snom.com/footer/source-code-gpl-open-source/ |title=Source Code & GPL Open Source |last=Snom Technology |website=www.snom.com |access-date=8 April 2018 |quote=Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the kernel Linux, are now widely used; though these systems are often referred to as \"Linux\", they are more accurately called \"GNU/Linux systems\". |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409044219/https://www.snom.com/footer/source-code-gpl-open-source/ |archive-date=9 April 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"torres\">{{en}} {{cite book|author1=M. R. M. Torres|author2=Federico Barrero|author3=M. Perales|author4=S. L. Toral|title=Analysis of the Core Team Role in Open Source Communities|journal=Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems (CISIS), 2011 International Conference on|date=June 2011|pages=109–114|doi=10.1109/CISIS.2011.25|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221328676|accessdate=11 January 2016|publisher=IEEE Computer Society|format=PDF|quote=''Debian port to Hurd...: The GNU Hurd is a totally new operating system being put together by the GNU group.''|isbn=978-1-61284-709-2}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"ccm\">{{cite web |url=https://ccm.net/faq/478-gnu-operating-system |title=GNU Operating System - CCM FAQ |website=CCM |access-date=8 April 2018 |quote=GNU is an operating system that offers a set of free open source programs. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215074114/https://ccm.net/faq/478-gnu-operating-system |archive-date=15 Desember 2019 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"walfield\">{{en}} {{cite journal|author1=Neal H. Walfield|author2=Marcus Brinkmann|title=A critique of the GNU hurd multi-server operating system|journal=ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review|date=4 Julie 2007|volume=41|issue=4|pages=30–39|doi=10.1145/1278901.1278907|url=http://walfield.org/papers/200707-walfield-critique-of-the-GNU-Hurd.pdf|accessdate=11 Januarie 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105213752/http://www.walfield.org/papers/200707-walfield-critique-of-the-GNU-Hurd.pdf|archivedate=5 November 2015}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"techcrunch\">{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2008/03/24/arent-unix-and-linux-the-same-thing-yes-and-no/ |title=All About Linux 2008: Aren't UNIX and Linux the same thing? Yes and no. – TechCrunch |website=techcrunch.com |access-date=2 April 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215074112/https://techcrunch.com/2008/03/24/arent-unix-and-linux-the-same-thing-yes-and-no/ |archive-date=15 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"handbookonopensource\">{{en}} {{cite book |first1 = Kirk |last1=St. Amant |first2=Brian |last2 = Still |title=Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives |isbn= 978-1-59140999-1|year=2007 }}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"manifesto\">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html |title=GNU Manifesto |publisher=FSF |work=GNU project |access-date=27 Julie 2011 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511025028/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html |archive-date=11 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"raymond\">{{en}} {{cite book | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F6qgFtLwpJgC | title = The Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary | pages = 10–12 | isbn= 978-0-59600108-7 | last = Raymond | first =Eric | date = 2001-02-01}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"free-dictionary\">{{en}} {{cite web | url =http://www.thefreedictionary.com/GNU%27s+Not+Unix |title=GNU's Not Unix | publisher =The free dictionary | accessdate = 2012-09-22}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"marshall\">{{cite web |last=Marshall |first=Rosalie |place=[[Australia|AU]] |url=http://www.pcauthority.com.au/News/128513,qa-richard-stallman-founder-of-the-gnu-project-and-the-free-software-foundation.aspx |title=Q&A: Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation |publisher=PC & Tech Authority |date=17 November 2008 |access-date=22 September 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228184313/http://www.pcauthority.com.au/News/128513,qa-richard-stallman-founder-of-the-gnu-project-and-the-free-software-foundation.aspx |archive-date=28 Desember 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"computerworld\">{{en}} Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. \"[http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9131178/Opinion_The_top_10_operating_system_stinkers Opinion: The top 10 operating system stinkers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723114425/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9131178/Opinion_The_top_10_operating_system_stinkers |date=23 Julie 2014 }}\", ''[[Computerworld]]'', 9 April 2009: \"... after more than 25 years in development, GNU remains incomplete: its kernel, Hurd, has never really made it out of the starting blocks. ... Almost no one has actually been able to use the OS; it's really more a set of ideas than an operating system.\"</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"hill…