Low German - Wikipedia

Low German - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Geographical extent Toggle Geographical extent subsection 1.1 Inside Europe 1.1.1 Germany 1.1.2 The Netherlands 1.2 Outside Europe and the Mennonites 2 Nomenclature 3 Classification Toggle Classification subsection 3.1 Language or dialect 3.2 Legal status 4 Varieties of Low German 5 History Toggle History subsection 5.1 Old Saxon 5.2 Middle Low German 5.3 Contemporary 5.3.1 Germany 5.3.2 Netherlands 6 Phonetic and grammatical changes Toggle Phonetic and grammatical changes subsection 6.1 High German consonant shift 6.2 Ingvaeonisms 6.3 Other changes 7 Grammar Toggle Grammar subsection 7.1 Personal pronouns 7.2 Verbs 7.3 Adjectives 8 Phonology Toggle Phonology subsection 8.1 Consonants 8.2 Vowels 9 Writing system 10 Spoken examples 11 Notable Low German writers and performers 12 Low German in education, media and culture 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External links Toggle External links subsection 17.1 Online dictionaries 17.2 Information 17.3 Organisations Toggle the table of contents Low German 96 languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc العربية مصرى Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Bosanski Català کوردی Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Ελληνικά Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Võro Français Nordfriisk Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本語 한국어 Коми Kernowek Latina Lingua Franca Nova Limburgs Ligure Lietuvių Latviešu Мокшень Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nedersaksies Plattdüütsch Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Occitan Livvinkarjala ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Deitsch Polski پنجابی Português Runa Simi Română Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Davvisámegiella Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Shqip Српски / srpski Seeltersk Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Toki pona Türkçe ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt 吴语閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語中文 Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikifunctions Wikivoyage Wiktionary Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Low German language) West Germanic language For other uses, see Low German (disambiguation) and Low Saxon (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article needs more complete citations for verification. Please help add missing citation information so that sources are clearly identifiable. (December 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article has an unclear citation style. The reason given is: article predominantly uses full citations, but also some short citations. Pick one style and use it consistently. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (December 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) "},"states":{"wt":"{{ubli\n||[[Northern Germany|Northern]] and western [[Germany]]\n|Eastern [[Netherlands]]\n|[[Southern Denmark]]\n}}"},"ethnicity":{"wt":"{{ubl\n|[[Dutch people|Dutch]]\n|[[Germans]]\n|[[Frisians]]\n|[[Russian Mennonites]]\n|Historically [[Saxons]]\n}}"},"script":{"wt":"Latin"},"speakers":{"wt":"Estimated 4.35–7.15 million{{efn|2.2–5 million in northern Germany and 2.15 million in eastern Netherlands}}<ref name=\"blo05\">{{cite report |title=Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland |trans-title=Lower Saxon Language Census. A survey of the use and proficiency of Low Saxon in the Netherlands |first=Henk |last=Bloemhoff |year=2005 |language=nl |department=Nedersaksisch Instituut |publisher=Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen |location=Groningen |url=https://www.stellingia.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Taaltelling-Nedersaksisch-1.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=30 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202143049if_/https://www.stellingia.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Taaltelling-Nedersaksisch-1.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2024 |isbn=90-6466-1324 |ol=OL31709135M |lccn=2006364430 |oclc=230137295 }}</ref>{{rp|p=88}}<ref name=\"Status&Gebrauch 2016\">[https://www.ins-bremen.de/fileadmin/ins-bremen/user_upload/umfrage2016/broschuere-umfrage.pdf Status und Gebrauch des Niederdeutschen 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116170501/https://www.ins-bremen.de/fileadmin/ins-bremen/user_upload/umfrage2016/broschuere-umfrage.pdf |date=16 January 2021 }}, A. Adler, C. Ehlers, R. Goltz, A. Kleene, A. Plewnia (2016)</ref><ref name=TOLoE/><br>Up to 10 million [[second language|second-language speakers]]"},"date":{"wt":"2001"},"ref":{"wt":"<ref name=\"ndsethnologue\">[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nds Saxon, Low] ''Ethnologue''.</ref>"},"nation":{"wt":""},"minority":{"wt":"{{flag|Netherlands}}<ref>{{cite book | last = Maas | first = Sabine | title = Twents op sterven na dood? : een sociolinguïstisch onderzoek naar dialectgebruik in Borne | publisher = Waxmann | location = Münster New York | year = 2014 | page = 19 | isbn = 978-3830980339 }}</ref>\n{{DEU}}<ref>{{langx|de|[http://bundesrecht.juris.de/vwvfg/__23.html § 23 Absatz 1 Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (Bund)].<br />Die Frage, ob unter deutsch rechtlich ausschließlich die hochdeutsche oder auch die [[niederdeutsche Sprache]] subsumiert wird, wird juristisch uneinheitlich beantwortet: Während der [[Federal Court of Justice|BGH]] in einer Entscheidung zu [[Gebrauchsmuster]]einreichung beim [[Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt|Deutschen Patent- und Markenamt]] in plattdeutscher Sprache das Niederdeutsche einer Fremdsprache gleichstellt („Niederdeutsche (plattdeutsche) Anmeldeunterlagen sind im Sinn des § 4a Abs. 1 Satz 1 [[Gebrauchsmustergesetz|GebrMG]] nicht in deutscher Sprache abgefaßt.“ – BGH-Beschluss vom 19. November 2002, Az. X ZB 23/01), ist nach dem Kommentar von Foerster/Friedersen/Rohde zu § 82a des Landesverwaltungsgesetzes Schleswig-Holstein unter Verweis auf Entscheidungen höherer Gerichte zu § 184 des Gerichtsverfassungsgesetzes seit 1927 (OLG Oldenburg, 10. Oktober 1927 – K 48, HRR 1928, 392) unter dem Begriff deutsche Sprache sowohl Hochdeutsch wie auch Niederdeutsch zu verstehen.}}</ref>\n*{{flag|Schleswig-Holstein|size=20px}}\n*{{flag|Hamburg|size=20px}}\n*{{flag|Lower Saxony|size=20px}}\n*{{flag|Saxony-Anhalt|size=20px}}\n*{{flag|Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|size=20px}}<ref>{{lang|de|Unterschiedliche Rechtsauffassungen, ob Niederdeutsch in Deutschland insgesamt Amtssprache ist – siehe dazu: [[Amtssprache (Deutschland)]]; zumindest aber in [[Schleswig-Holstein]] und [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]}}</ref>\n*{{flag|Brandenburg|size=20px}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.platt-in-brandenburg.de|title=Platt in Brandenburg – Aktuelles|website=www.platt-in-brandenburg.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niederdeutschsekretariat.de/category/aus-den-laendern/brandenburg/|title=Brandenburg | Niederdeutschsekretariat und Bunnsraat för Nedderdüütsch}}</ref>\n{{flagcountry|Bolivia}} (70,000)<ref>[http://mexico.cnn.com/videos/2012/06/07/los-menonitas-en-bolivia Los Menonitas en Bolivia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203073427/http://mexico.cnn.com/videos/2012/06/07/los-menonitas-en-bolivia |date=3 December 2013 }} ''CNN en Español''</ref>\n\n{{flagcountry|Paraguay}} (30,000)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elcomercio.com/sociedad/menoitas-paraguay-aniversario-asuncion_0_815318535.html |title=El Comercio: Menonitas cumplen 85 años en Paraguay con prosperidad sin precedentes |access-date=27 March 2013 |archive-date=10 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410183252/http://www.elcomercio.com/sociedad/menoitas-paraguay-aniversario-asuncion_0_815318535.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>\n{{flagcountry|Brazil}} (8,000)"},"familycolor":{"wt":"Indo-European"},"fam2":{"wt":"[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]"},"fam3":{"wt":"[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]"},"fam4":{"wt":"[[North Sea Germanic]]"},"ancestor":{"wt":"[[Old Saxon]]"},"ancestor2":{"wt":"[[Middle Low German]]"},"dia1":{"wt":"[[Low Saxon]]"},"dia2":{"wt":"[[East Low German]]"},"iso2":{"wt":"nds"},"iso3":{"wt":"nds"},"iso3comment":{"wt":"(Dutch varieties and Westphalian have separate codes)"},"lingua":{"wt":"52-ACB"},"map":{"wt":"File:Low Saxon Dialects.svg"},"mapcaption":{"wt":"Post-1945 Low German language area in Europe. In almost all parts, High German has replaced Low German as the majority language and language used in daily life."},"glotto":{"wt":"lowg1239"},"glottoname":{"wt":"Low German"},"notice":{"wt":"IPA"}},"i":0}}]}'>Low German Low Saxon Plattdütsch, Plattdüütsch, Plattdütsk, Plattdüütsk, Plattduitsk (South-Westphalian), Plattduitsch (Eastphalian), Plattdietsch (Low Prussian); Neddersassisch; Nedderdüütsch Native to Northern and western Germany Eastern Netherlands Southern Denmark Ethnicity Dutch Germans Frisians Russian Mennonites Historically Saxons Native speakers (Estimated 4.35–7.15 million[a][1]: 88 [2][3] Up to 10 million second-language speakers cited 2001)[4] Language family Indo-European GermanicWest GermanicNorth Sea GermanicLow German Early forms Old Saxon Middle Low German Dialects Low Saxon East Low German Writing system Latin Official status Recognised minority language in Netherlands[5] Germany[6] Schleswig-Holstein Hamburg Lower Saxony Saxony-Anhalt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern[7] Brandenburg[8][9] Bolivia (70,000)[10] Paraguay (30,000)[11] Brazil (8,000) Language codes ISO 639-2 nds ISO 639-3 nds (Dutch varieties and Westphalian have separate codes) Glottolog lowg1239 Low German Linguasphere 52-ACB Post-1945 Low German language area in Europe. In almost all parts, High German has replaced Low German as the majority language and language used in daily life. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Low German[b] is a West Germanic language[12][13] spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands. The dialect of Plautdietsch is also spoken in the Russian Mennonite diaspora worldwide. "Low" refers to the altitude of the areas where it is typically spoken. Low German is most closely related to Frisian and English, with which it forms the North Sea Germanic group of the West Germanic languages. Like Dutch, it has historically been spoken north of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses, while forms of High German (of which Standard German is a standardized example) have historically been spoken south of those lines. Like Frisian, English, Dutch and the North Germanic languages, Low German has not undergone the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Standard High German, which is based on High German dialects. Low Ger…