Tin - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Characteristics Toggle Characteristics subsection 1.1 Physical 1.2 Chemical 1.3 Isotopes 2 Etymology 3 History 4 Compounds and chemistry Toggle Compounds and chemistry subsection 4.1 Inorganic compounds 4.2 Hydrides 4.3 Organotin compounds 5 Occurrence 6 Production Toggle Production subsection 6.1 Mining and smelting 6.2 Industry 7 Price and exchanges 8 Applications Toggle Applications subsection 8.1 Pigments 8.2 Solder 8.3 Tin plating 8.4 Specialized alloys 8.5 Manufacturing of chemicals 8.6 Optoelectronics 8.7 Other applications 8.8 Organotin compounds 8.8.1 PVC stabilizers 8.8.2 Biocides 8.8.3 Organic chemistry 8.8.4 Li-ion batteries 9 Precautions 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Toggle the table of contents Tin 180 languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc अंगिका العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Беларуская Betawi Български भोजपुरी বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Bosanski Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Cebuano ᏣᎳᎩ کوردی Corsu Čeština Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Ελληνικά Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ ગુજરાતી Gaelg 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Taqbaylit Kabɩyɛ Kumoring Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми کٲشُر Kurdî Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lietuvių Latviešu Мокшень Malagasy Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь Nāhuatl Plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial Diné bizaad Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Armãneashti Русский Русиньскый संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Tagalog Toki pona Türkçe Татарча / tatarça ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 Хальмг მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 中文 IsiZulu Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see Tin (disambiguation). "Stannum" redirects here. For other uses, see Stannum (disambiguation). For the chemical compound with formula TiN, see Titanium nitride. Chemical element with atomic number 50 (Sn) Tin, 50SnSmall balls of white tin (left) and gray tin (right) Tin Allotropes silvery-white, β (beta); gray, α (alpha) Standard atomic weight Ar°(Sn) 118.710±0.007[1] 118.71±0.01 (abridged)[2] Tin in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Ge ↑ Sn ↓ Pb indium ← tin → antimony Atomic number (Z) 50 Group group 14 (carbon group) Period period 5 Block   p-block Electron configuration [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 Physical properties Phase at STP solid Melting point 505.08 K ​(231.93 °C, ​449.47 °F) Boiling point 2875 K ​(2602 °C, ​4716 °F) Density (at 20° C) white (β): 7.289 g/cm3 gray (α): 5.770 g/cm3[3] when liquid (at m.p.) 6.99 g/cm3 Heat of fusion white (β): 7.03 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization white (β): 296.1 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 27.112 J/(mol·K) Specific heat capacity 228.389 J/(kg·K) Vapor pressure Pressure</span>"}]]}'>P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at Temperature</span>"}]]}'>T (K) 1497 1657 1855 2107 2438 2893 Atomic properties Oxidation states common: −4, +2, +4 −3,[4] −2,[5] −1,[6] 0,[7] +1,[8] +3[9] Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.96 Ionization energies 1st: 708.6 kJ/mol 2nd: 1411.8 kJ/mol 3rd: 2943.0 kJ/mol Atomic radius empirical: 140 pm Covalent radius 139±4 pm Van der Waals radius 217 pm Spectral lines of tin Other properties Natural occurrence primordial Crystal structure white (β): ​body-centered tetragonal (tI4) Lattice constants </span>tin","txt":"Body-centered tetragonal crystal structure for white (β): tin"}]]}'> white (β): a = 583.13 pm c = 318.11 pm (at 20 °C)[3] Crystal structure gray (α): ​face-centered diamond-cubic (cF8) Lattice constant </span>tin","txt":"Diamond cubic crystal structure for gray (α): tin"}]]}'> gray (α): a = 648.96 pm (at 20 °C)[3] Thermal expansion white (β): 21.76×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[a] gray (α): 5.20×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3] Thermal conductivity 66.8 W/(m⋅K) Electrical resistivity 115 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C) Magnetic ordering white (β): paramagnetic gray (α): diamagnetic[10] Molar magnetic susceptibility white (β): +3.1×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[11] Young's modulus 50 GPa Shear modulus 18 GPa Bulk modulus 58 GPa Speed of sound thin rod 2730 m/s (at r.t.) (rolled) Poisson ratio 0.36 Mohs hardness 1.5 Brinell hardness 50–440 MPa CAS Number 7440-31-5 History Naming a Proto-Germanic word Discovery protohistoric, around 35th century BC Symbol "Sn": from Latin stannum Isotopes of tinv e Main isotopes[12] Decay Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 112Sn 0.97% stable 113Sn synth 115.08 d ε 113In 114Sn 0.66% stable 115Sn 0.34% stable 116Sn 14.5% stable 117Sn 7.68% stable 118Sn 24.2% stable 119Sn 8.59% stable 120Sn 32.6% stable 121mSn synth 43.9 y IT77.6% 121Sn β−22.4% 121Sb 122Sn 4.63% stable 123Sn synth 129.2 d β− 123Sb 124Sn 5.79% stable 126Sn trace 2.3×105 y β− 126Sb  Category: Tin view talk edit | references Tin is a chemical element; it has the symbol Sn (from Latin stannum) and atomic number 50. A metallic-gray metal, tin is soft enough to be cut with little force,[13] and a bar of tin can be bent by hand with little effort. When bent, a bar of tin makes a sound, the so-called "tin cry", as a result of twinning in tin crystals.[14] Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table of elements. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO 2. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element on Earth, making up 0.00022% of its crust, and with 10 stable isotopes, it has the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, due to its magic number of protons. It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is β-tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal; at low temperatures it is less dense grey α-tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin does not easily oxidize in air or water. The first tin alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of 1⁄8 tin and 7⁄8 copper (12.5% and 87.5% respectively), from as early as 3000 BC. After 600 BC, pure metallic tin was produced. Pewter, which is an alloy of 85–90% tin with the remainder commonly consisting of copper, antimony, bismuth, and sometimes lead and silver, has been used for flatware since the Bronze Age. In modern times, tin is used in many alloys, most notably tin-lead soft solders, which are typically 60% or more tin, and in the manufacture of transparent, electrically conducting films of indium tin oxide in optoelectronic applications. Another large application is corrosion-resistant tin plating of steel. Because of the low toxicity of inorganic tin, tin-plated steel is widely used for food packaging as "tin cans". Some organotin compounds can be extremely toxic. Characteristics [edit] Physical [edit] Solidified droplet of molten tin Tin is a soft, malleable, ductile and highly crystalline silvery-white metal. When a bar of tin is bent, a crackling sound known as the "tin cry" can be heard from the twinning of the crystals.[14] This trait is shared by indium, cadmium, zinc, and mercury in its solid state. Tin melts at about 232 °C (450 °F), the lowest in group 14, and boils at 2,602 °C (4,716 °F), the second lowest (ahead of lead) in its group. The melting point is further lowered to 177.3 °C (351.1 °F) for 11 nm particles.[15][16] External videos β–α transition of tin at −40 °C (time lapse; one second of the video is one hour in real time) β-tin, also called white tin, is the allotrope (structural form) of elemental tin that is stable at and above room temperature. It is metallic and malleable, and has body-centered tetragonal crystal structure. α-tin, or gray tin, is the nonmetallic form. It is stable below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) and is brittle. α-tin has a diamond cubic crystal structure, as do diamond and silicon. α-tin does not have metallic properties because its atoms form a covalent structure in which electrons cannot move freely. α-tin is a dull-gray powdery material with no common uses other than specialized semiconductor applications.[14] γ-tin and σ-tin exist at temperatures above 161 °C (322 °F)  and pressures above several GPa.[17] In cold conditions β-tin tends to transform spontaneously into α-tin, a phenomenon known as "tin pest" or "tin disease".[18] Some unverifiable sources also say that, during Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812, the temperatures became so cold that the tin buttons on the soldiers' uniforms disintegrated over time, contrib…