Novial - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Phonology Toggle Phonology subsection 1.1 Consonants 1.2 Vowels 1.3 Stress 2 Orthography 3 Grammar Toggle Grammar subsection 3.1 Personal pronouns 3.2 Verbs 3.3 Articles 3.4 Nouns 3.5 Adjectives 3.6 Adverbs 4 Vocabulary Toggle Vocabulary subsection 4.1 Affixes 5 Novial compared to Esperanto and Ido 6 Language sample for comparison 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Toggle the table of contents Novial 79 languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés العربية Asturianu Kotava Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bikol Central Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto Español Eesti فارسی Suomi Français Frysk Galego हिन्दी Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ido Íslenska Medžuslovjansky Italiano 日本語 ქართული Қазақша 한국어 Коми Latina Lingua Franca Nova Latviešu മലയാളം Malti Mirandés Nederlands Norsk bokmål Novial Kapampangan Papiamentu Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Português Runa Simi Română Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Simple English Slovenščina Shqip Српски / srpski SiSwati Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tagalog Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Volapük 吴语 中文 Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikifunctions Wikiversity Wiktionary Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Constructed language Novial novial Created by Otto Jespersen Date 1928 Setting and usage International auxiliary language Purpose Constructed language International auxiliary languageNovial Sources Romance and Germanic languages; also Interlingue and Ido Language codes ISO 639-3 nov Glottolog novi1234 Linguasphere 51-AAB-dc Novial is an international auxiliary language (IAL) created by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen in 1928. It was designed to facilitate communication between speakers of different native languages. The name of the language is an acronymic compound of the Novial word novi (meaning 'new') and IAL. Jespersen had been an early supporter of another international auxiliary language, Ido, a reformed version of Esperanto, before leaving to create his own language in 1928. Novial's vocabulary is borrowed largely from the Romance and Germanic languages, while its analytic grammar is influenced by English. Novial was introduced in Jespersen's book An International Language in 1928.[1] It was updated in his dictionary Novial Lexike in 1930,[2] and further modifications were proposed in the 1930s, but the language became dormant with Jespersen's death in 1943.[3][better source needed] Phonology [edit] Consonants [edit] Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n (ŋ) Plosive/ Affricate p b t d tʃ dʒ k ɡ Fricative f v s ʃ (ʒ) h Approximant (w) l j Rhotic r Vowels [edit] Front Back Close i u Mid e o Open a Stress [edit] The basic rule is: stress the vowel before the last consonant. However, consonantal flexional endings (ie. -d, -m, -n, -s) do not count for this (e.g. bóni but bónim, not boním; apérta but apértad, not apertád), so perhaps it is better to say that the vowel before the final consonant of the stem takes the stress.[4] Orthography [edit] Novial alphabet Upper case A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y Z Lower case a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v x y z IPA phonemes a b k, s et al.[a] d e f g h i dʒ, ʒ k l m n o p k[b] r s t u v ks, gz j, ʝ ts, z et al.[a] The digraphs ch and sh represent [t͡ʃ] or [ʃ], depending on the speaker. For example, chokolate would be pronounced either /t͡ʃokoˈlate/ or /ʃokoˈlate/.[1] w is not used. Grammar [edit] Like many constructed IALs, Novial has a simple and regular grammar. The main word order is SVO, which removes the need for marking the object of a sentence with accusative case (since the position normally tells what word is the object). There is however a way to mark accusative. There is no grammatical gender (but the sex or gender of referents can be marked). Verbs are conjugated regularly, without agreement (according to person or number). Nouns mainly end in e, a, o, u or um in the singular. There are definite forms of nouns marked with an article, and singular and plural forms, where the plural is marked with the suffix -s after vowels or -es after consonants. There is also a form for indefinite number (as in Mandarin Chinese and Japanese), expressed by removing the ending of the noun in the singular (leone – lion, leon es kruel – 'a/the lion is cruel', or 'lions are cruel').[1]: 89  If a noun refers to a living being, then the form ending in -e is neutral with regard to sex, feminine when ending in -a, and masculine when ending in -o. If based on an adjective, a noun referring to a living being can be made with the previously mentioned rule, and furthermore nouns referring to concrete objects with -u, and abstractions with -um. The third-person pronouns follow the same rule, together with the definite article. Referring to an instrument – a tool or a means – a word that ends in -e is the tool or the means itself, a word that ends in -a is a verb describing usage of the tool and so on, and a word that ends in -o is a noun describing the act[1]: 124, 126  of using it: rule roll – – rula (to) roll – – rulo (a) rolling rule – rula – rulo roll – {(to) roll} – {(a) rolling} mesure measure (the tool) – – mesura (to measure) – – mesuro measurement mesure – mesura – mesuro {measure (the tool)} – {(to measure)} – measurement Personal pronouns [edit] Person Singular Plural 1st me nus 2nd vu vus 3rd Common le les Masculine lo los Feminine la las Neuter lu lus The standard word order in Novial is subject–verb–object, as in English. Therefore, the object need not be marked to distinguish it from the subject, and nominative (corresponding to I, he, she and so on) and accusative (corresponding to me, him, us, etc.) pronouns are identical: me I observa observe vu you me observa vu I observe you vu you observa observe me me vu observa me you observe me The accusative (direct object) is therefore most often identical to the nominative (subject). However, for avoiding ambiguity, an optional accusative ending, -m (-em after a consonant), is available; it is rarely used. The preposition em is equivalent to this ending.[dubious – discuss] The genitive personal pronouns – whether dependent or independent (corresponding to my, their, etc., or to mine, theirs, etc., respectively) – are formed by adding -n or after a consonant -en: Men My hunde dog Men hunde My dog Li The hunde dog es is men mine Li hunde es men The dog is mine The genitive pronouns are thus men, vun, len, etc., lun and nusen, vusen, lesen etc. and lusen. Such a relationship may also be expressed with the preposition de: de me, de vu, and so on. The reflexive pronoun is se: lo admira se – 'he admires himself'.[1]: 90, 109  The generic personal pronoun (similar to the English one) is on, with the genitive form onen. Verbs [edit] Verb forms never change with person or number. Most verb tenses, moods and voices are expressed with auxiliary verbs preceding the root form of the main verb. The auxiliaries follow the same word order as the English equivalent. The following are examples of the verb forms: Grammar English Novial Infinitive to protect protekte Present I protect me protekte Present Perfect I have protected me ha protekte Past Simple I protected me did protekte or me protekted Past Perfect I had protected me had protekte Future I shall protect or I will protect me sal protekte or me ve protekte Future Perfect I shall have protected or I will have protected me sal ha protekte or me ve ha protekte Future in the Past I was going to protect me saled protekte Conditional I would protect me vud protekte Conditional Perfect I would have protected me vud ha protekte First-person Jussive Let me protect! Let me protekte! Second-person Imperative Protect! protekte! Present active participle: protektent – 'protecting' Past passive participle: protektet – 'protected' Novial clearly distinguishes the passive of becoming and the passive of being. In English, the forms are often the same, using the auxiliary verb be followed by the past participle. However, the passive of becoming is also often expressed with the verb get, which is used in the examples below. The passive voice of becoming is formed with the auxiliary bli followed by the root verb form. It can then be conjugated into the previously mentioned forms, for example: Grammar English Novial Infinitive to get protected bli protekte Present I get protected me bli protekte Present Perfect I have got protected me ha bli protekte Past Simple I got protected me blid protekte Past Perfect I had got protected me had bli protekte Future I shall get protected or I will get protected me sal bli protekte or me ve bli protekte Conditional I would get protected me vud bli protekte The passive voice of being is formed with the auxiliary es followed by the past passive participle (stem + -t). For example: Grammar English Novial Infinitive to be protected es protektet Present I am protected me es protektet Present Perfect I have been protected me ha es protektet Past Simple I was protected me did es protektet or me esed protektet Past Perfect I had been protected me had es protektet Future I shall be protected or I will be protected me sal es protektet or me ve es protektet Conditional I would be protected me vud es protektet Articles [edit] The definite article is li, which is invariant. It is used as in English. There is no indefinite article, although un ('one') can be used. Nouns [edit] The plural noun is formed by adding –s to the singular (-es after a consonant). The accusative case is generally identical to the nominative but can optionally be marked with the ending -m (-em after a consonant) with the plural being -sem (-esem after a consonant) or with the preposition em. The genitive is formed with the ending -n (-en after a consonant) with the plural being -sen (-esen after a consonant) or with the preposition de. Other cases are formed with prepositions. Adjectives [edit] All adjectives end in -i, but this may be dropped if it is easy enough to pronounce and no confusion will be caused. Adjectives precede the noun qualified. Adjectives do not agree with the noun, but may be given noun endings if there is no noun present to receive them. Comparative adjectives are formed by placing various particles (plu, tam, and min) in front of the adjective receiving the comparison. Likewise, the superlative particles (maxim and minim) precede the adjective. The adjective does not receive an inflection to its ending. Adverbs [edit] An adjective is converted to a corresponding adverb by adding -m after the -i ending of the adjective. Comparative and superlative adverbs are formed in the same manner as comparative and superlative adjectives: by placing a specific particle before the adverb receiving the comparison. Vocabulary [edit] Affixes [edit] See the Table of Prefixes and Table of Suffixes at the Novial Wikibook. Novial compared to Esperanto and Ido …