Plant - Wikipedia

Plant - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Definition Toggle Definition subsection 1.1 Taxonomic history 1.2 Alternative concepts 2 Evolution Toggle Evolution subsection 2.1 Diversity 2.2 Evolutionary history 2.3 Phylogeny 3 Physiology Toggle Physiology subsection 3.1 Plant cells 3.2 Plant structure 3.3 Photosynthesis 3.4 Growth and repair 3.5 Reproduction 3.5.1 Sexual 3.5.2 Asexual 3.6 Disease resistance 3.7 Genomics 4 Ecology Toggle Ecology subsection 4.1 Distribution 4.2 Primary producers 4.3 Ecological relationships 4.4 Competition 5 Importance to humans Toggle Importance to humans subsection 5.1 Food 5.2 Medicines 5.3 Nonfood products 5.4 Ornamental plants 5.5 In science 5.6 In mythology, religion, and culture 5.7 Negative effects 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Toggle the table of contents Plant 238 languages Аԥсшәа Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc अंगिका العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Беларуская Betawi Български भोजपुरी Banjar বাংলা Brezhoneg Bosanski Буряад Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano ᏣᎳᎩ کوردی Corsu Čeština Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Jju Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Gĩkũyũ Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 کٲشُر Kurdî Kernowek Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Malagasy Олык марий Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Nedersaksies Plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Nouormand Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi ရခိုင် Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws 文言閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語中文 IsiZulu Edit links Article Talk English Read View source View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read View source View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Abstract Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Kingdom of organisms For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). \n|image3 = Climacium dendroides — Flora Batava — Volume v9 (cropped).jpg\n|caption3 = [[Moss]]es\n|image4 = Glaucocystis nostochinearum.jpg\n|caption4 = [[Glaucophyta|Glaucophytes]]\n|image5 = Pinus sylvestris - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-106 (extracted).jpg\n|caption5 = [[Conifer]]s\n|image6 = Chondrus crispus - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-034 (single) (cropped).jpg\n|caption6 = [[Rhodophyta|Red algae]]\n|image7 = Dryopteris filix-mas - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-202.jpg\n|caption7 = [[Fern]]s\n|image8 = Lycopodium clavatum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-219 (extracted).jpg\n|caption8 = [[Lycophyte]]s\n|border = infobox\n}}"},"taxon":{"wt":"Plantae"},"authority":{"wt":"Copeland, 1956"},"display_parents":{"wt":"4"},"subdivision_ranks":{"wt":"Subgroups"},"subdivision":{"wt":"''See text''"},"synonyms":{"wt":"* [[Viridiplantae]] Cavalier-Smith, 1981<ref name=CavalierSmith1981>{{cite journal |last=Cavalier-Smith |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Cavalier-Smith |year=1981 |title=Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine? |journal=[[BioSystems]] |volume=14 |issue=3–4 |pages=461–481 |doi=10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2 |pmid=7337818 |bibcode=1981BiSys..14..461C }}</ref>\n* Chlorobionta Jeffrey, 1982 emend. Bremer, 1985 emend. Lewis & McCourt, 2004<ref name=LewisMcCourt>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=L.A. |first2=R.M. |last2=McCourt |year=2004 |title=Green algae and the origin of land plants |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=91 |issue=10 |pages=1535–1556 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535 |pmid=21652308|bibcode=2004AmJB...91.1535L }}</ref>\n* Chlorobiota Kenrick & Crane, 1997<ref name=KenrickCrane1997>{{cite book |last1=Kenrick |first1=Paul |last2=Crane |first2=Peter R. |date=1997 |title=The origin and early diversification of land plants: A cladistic study |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution Press]] |isbn=978-1-56098-730-7}}</ref>\n* Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005 <ref name=Adl>{{cite journal |last=Adl |first=S. M. |year=2005 |title=The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists |journal=[[Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology]] |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=399–451 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x |display-authors=etal |pmid=16248873 |s2cid=8060916 |doi-access=free}}</ref>\n* Phyta Barkley, 1939 emend. Holt & Uidica 2007\n* Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836\n* Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948\n* Euplanta Barkley, 1949\n* Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964\n* Embryobionta Cronquist et al., 1966\n* Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969"}},"i":5}}]}'> Plants Temporal range: Mesoproterozoic–present Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Angiosperms Charophytes Mosses Glaucophytes Conifers Red algae Ferns Lycophytes Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Diaphoretickes Clade: CAM Clade: Archaeplastida Kingdom: Plantae Copeland, 1956 Subgroups See text Synonyms Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981[1] Chlorobionta Jeffrey, 1982 emend. Bremer, 1985 emend. Lewis & McCourt, 2004[2] Chlorobiota Kenrick & Crane, 1997[3] Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005 [4] Phyta Barkley, 1939 emend. Holt & Uidica 2007 Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836 Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948 Euplanta Barkley, 1949 Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964 Embryobionta Cronquist et al., 1966 Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969 Plants are the eukaryotic organisms that constitute the kingdom Plantae (/'plænteɪ/). They are predominantly photosynthetic or came from photosynthetic ancestors, meaning that they obtain their energy from sunlight by using the green pigment chlorophyll in their chloroplasts to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water. Over the course of time, some plants have evolved to be parasitic, meaning they take energy from other organisms. Except for glaucophytes, some green algae and a few red algae, most plants are multicellular. Historically, as in Aristotle's biology, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi. Definitions have narrowed since then; current definitions exclude fungi and some of the algae. By the definition used in this article, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (green plants), which consists of the green algae and the embryophytes or land plants (hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, conifers and other gymnosperms, and flowering plants). A definition based on genomes includes the Viridiplantae, along with the red algae and the glaucophytes, in the clade Archaeplastida. There are about 380,000 known species of plants, of which the majority, some 260,000, produce seeds. They range in size from single cells to the tallest trees. Green plants provide a substantial proportion of the world's molecular oxygen. The sugars they create supply the energy for most of Earth's ecosystems, and other organisms, including animals, either are herbivores or rely on other organisms. Grain, fruit, and vegetables are basic human foods and have been domesticated for millennia. People use plants for many purposes, such as building materials, such as wood, ornaments, writing materials, and, in great variety, for medicines. The scientific study of plants is known as botany. Definition Taxonomic history Further information: Kingdom (biology) § History All living things were traditionally placed into one of two groups, plants and animals. This classification dates from Aristotle (384–322 BC), who distinguished different levels of beings in his biology,[5] based on whether living things had a "sensitive soul" or like plants only a "vegetative soul".[6] Theophrastus, Aristotle's student, continued his work in plant taxonomy and classification.[7] Much later, Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) created the basis of the modern system of scientific classification, but retained the animal and plant kingdoms, naming the plant kingdom the Vegetabilia.[7] Alternative concepts When the name Plantae or plant is applied to a specific group of organisms or taxa, it usually refers to one of four concepts. From least to most inclusive, these four groupings are: Name(s) Scope Organisation Description Land plants, also known as Embryophyta Plantae sensu strictissimo Multicellular Plants in the strictest sense include liverworts, hornworts, mosses, and vascular plants, as well as fossil plants similar to these surviving groups (e.g., Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969,[8] Plantae Margulis, 1971[9]). Green plants, also known as Viridiplantae, Viridiphyta, Chlorobionta or Chloroplastida Plantae sensu stricto Some unicellular, some multicellular Plants in a strict sense include the green algae, and land plants that emerged within them, including stoneworts. The relationships between plant groups are still being worked out, and the names given to them vary considerably. The clade Viridiplantae encompasses a group of organisms that have cellulose in their cell walls, possess chlorophylls a and b and have plastids bound by only two membranes that are capable of photosynthesis and of storing starch. This clade is the main subject of this article (e.g., Plantae Copeland, 1956[10]). Arch…