Kannada - Wikipedia

Kannada - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Geographic distribution 2 Development 3 History Toggle History subsection 3.1 Early traces 3.2 Epigraphy 3.3 Coins 4 Literature Toggle Literature subsection 4.1 Old Kannada 4.2 Middle Kannada 4.3 Modern Kannada 4.4 Dictionaries 5 Dialects 6 Writing system 7 Phonology Toggle Phonology subsection 7.1 Consonants 7.2 Vowels 7.3 Colloquial speech 8 Grammar Toggle Grammar subsection 8.1 Compound bases 8.2 Pronouns 9 Significance to modern linguistics 10 Sample text Toggle Sample text subsection 10.1 English 10.2 Kannada 10.3 Romanisation (ISO 15919) 10.4 IPA 11 Criticism of Kannada language policies in Karnataka 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 Further reading 17 External links Toggle the table of contents Kannada 127 languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés अंगिका العربية مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bikol Central Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Беларуская Български भोजपुरी বাংলা বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Cebuano کوردی Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Nordfriisk Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni ગુજરાતી Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Ilokano Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Jawa ქართული Kumoring Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 کٲشُر Коми Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Latviešu मैथिली Malagasy Māori Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ मराठी Bahasa Melayu مازِرونی Plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Picard Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Русский संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska Kiswahili தமிழ் ತುಳು తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Tagalog Toki pona Türkçe Татарча / tatarça ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tiếng Việt Wolof 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語中文 Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikifunctions Wikiquote Wikivoyage Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dravidian language For other uses, see Kannada (disambiguation) and Kanada (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Canada or Kanata. North [[Tamil Nadu]] South [[Maharashtra]] West [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Telengana]] North [[Kerala]] [[Goa]]<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, India – 2011 |author=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191 |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014173010/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191 |url-status=live }}</ref>"},"ethnicity":{"wt":"[[Kannadigas]]"},"speakers":{"wt":"[[First language|L1]]: {{sigfig|43.697430|2}} million"},"date":{"wt":"2011"},"ref":{"wt":"e27"},"speakers2":{"wt":"[[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|15.009260|2}} million (2011)"},"speakers_label":{"wt":"Speakers"},"familycolor":{"wt":"Dravidian"},"fam2":{"wt":"[[South Dravidian languages|Southern]]"},"fam3":{"wt":"Southern I"},"fam4":{"wt":"[[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]"},"fam5":{"wt":"[[Kannada dialects|Kannadoid]]"},"ancestor":{"wt":"[[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidan]]\n* [[Old Kannada]]"},"script":{"wt":"*[[Kannada script]]\n*[[Kannada Braille]]"},"nation":{"wt":"[[Languages with legal status in India|India]]\n* Karnataka"},"minority":{"wt":""},"agency":{"wt":"[[Government of Karnataka]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Karnataka official language act, 1963 – Karnataka Gazette (Extraordinary) Part IV-2A |publisher=[[Government of Karnataka]] |year=1963 |pages=33}}</ref>"},"iso1":{"wt":"kn"},"iso2":{"wt":"kan"},"iso3":{"wt":"kan"},"lingua":{"wt":"49-EBA-a"},"image":{"wt":"Shukla Kannada.svg"},"imagescale":{"wt":""},"imagecaption":{"wt":"The word \"Kannada\" in [[Kannada script]]"},"map":{"wt":"Kannada language distribution.svg"},"mapcaption":{"wt":"Distribution of Kannada native speakers, majority regions in dark blue and minority regions in light blue.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schwartzberg |first=Joseph E. |author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-19-506869-6 |page=102 |chapter=Currency of Selected Languages and Scripts |chapter-url=https://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/overview/languages/himal1992max.jpg |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228001105/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/overview/languages/himal1992max.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref>"},"glotto":{"wt":"nucl1305"},"glottorefname":{"wt":"Kannada"},"notice":{"wt":"IPA"},"stand1":{"wt":"[[Bengaluru Kannada]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-22 |title=“Kannada gotilla macha” – The Open Dosa |url=https://opendosa.in/kannada-gotilla-macha/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |language=en-GB}}</ref>"},"dia1":{"wt":"[[Mangalore Kannada]]"},"dia2":{"wt":"[[Havigannada dialect|Havyaka]]"},"dia3":{"wt":"[[Kundagannada dialect|Kundagannada]]"},"dia4":{"wt":"[[Arebhashe dialect|Arebhashe]]"},"dia5":{"wt":"Bengaluru Kannada"},"altname":{"wt":"Canarese"}},"i":0}}]}'>Kannada Canarese ಕನ್ನಡ The word "Kannada" in Kannada script Pronunciation [ˈkənːəɖa] Native to India Region Karnataka North Tamil Nadu South Maharashtra West Andhra Pradesh Telengana North Kerala Goa[1] Ethnicity Kannadigas Speakers L1: 44 million (2011)[2] L2: 15 million (2011) Language family Dravidian SouthernSouthern ITamil–KannadaKannadoidKannada Early form Proto-Dravidan Old Kannada Standard forms Bengaluru Kannada[3] Dialects Mangalore Kannada Havyaka Kundagannada Arebhashe Bengaluru Kannada Writing system Kannada script Kannada Braille Official status Official language in India Karnataka Regulated by Government of Karnataka[4] Language codes ISO 639-1 kn ISO 639-2 kan ISO 639-3 kan Glottolog nucl1305 Linguasphere 49-EBA-a Distribution of Kannada native speakers, majority regions in dark blue and minority regions in light blue.[5] This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Person Kannaḍiga People Kannaḍigaru Language Kannaḍa Kannada (Kannada: [ˈkənːəɖa] ⓘ)[6] is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly in the state of Karnataka in southwestern India, and spoken by a minority of the population in all neighbouring states. It has 44 million native speakers, and is additionally a second or third language for 15 million speakers in Karnataka.[2] It is the official and administrative language of Karnataka.[7] It also has scheduled status in India and has been declared one of the Classical languages of India.[8][9] Early Kannada literature was composed predominantly by Jaina court poets, and many texts from before the 12th century were religious narratives about the Jain Tīrthaṅkaras.[10][11] Kannada was the court language of a number of dynasties and empires of South India, Central India and the Deccan Plateau, namely the Kadamba dynasty, Western Ganga dynasty, Nolamba dynasty, Chalukya dynasty, Rashtrakutas,[12] Western Chalukya Empire, Seuna dynasty, Kingdom of Mysore,[13] Nayakas of Keladi,[14] Hoysala dynasty and the Vijayanagara Empire. Kannada is written using the Kannada script, which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script. Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia. Old Kannada Rashtrakuta literature flourished during the 8th-10th centuries CE.[15][16] Kannada has an unbroken literary history of around 1200 years.[17] In July 2011, a centre for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Institute of Indian Languages in Mysore to facilitate research related to the language.[18] Geographic distribution [edit] Kannada had 43.7[12] million native speakers in India at the time of the 2011 census. It is the main language of the state of Karnataka, where it is spoken natively by 40.6 million people, or about two-thirds of the state's population. There are native Kannada speakers in the neighbouring states of Tamil Nadu (1,140,000 speakers), Maharashtra (993,000), Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (533,000), Kerala (78,100), and Goa (67,800).[19] It is also spoken as a second and third language by over 12.9 million non-native speakers in Karnataka.[20] Kannadigas form Tamil Nadu's third-largest linguistic group; their population is roughly 1.23 million, which is 2.2% of Tamil Nadu's total population.[21][22] In the United States, there were 35,900 speakers in 2006–2008,[23] a number that had risen to 48,600 by 2015. There are 4,000 speakers in Canada (2016 census), 9,700 in Australia (2016 census), 22,000 in Singapore (2018 estimate),[24] and 59,000 in Malaysia (2021 estimate).[24][better source needed] Development [edit] Kannada, like Malayalam and Tamil, is a South Dravidian language and a descendant of Tamil-Kannada, from which it derives its grammar and core vocabulary. Its history can be divided into three stages: Old Kannada, or Haḷegannaḍa from 450 to 1200 AD, Middle Kannada (Naḍugannaḍa) from 1200 to 1700 and Modern Kannada (Hosagannaḍa) from 1700 to the present.[25][26] Kannada has been considerably influenced by Sanskrit and Prakrit—in morphology, phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. The three principal sources of influence on literary Kannada grammar appear to be Pāṇini's grammar, non-Pāṇinian schools of Sanskrit grammar, particularly Kātantra and Śākaṭāyana schools, and, to a lesser extent, Prakrit grammar.[27] [28] Literary Prakrit seems to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times.[verification needed] Speakers of vernacular Prakrit may have come into contact with Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada was used for administrative or liturgical purposes.[27][29][26] The scholar K.V. Narayana claims that many tribal languages now designated as Kannada dialects could be nearer to the earlier form of the language, with lesser influence from other languages.[30] Based on native Kannada words in Prakrit inscriptions of that period, Kannada must have been spoken by a broad and stable population.[30][31] Kannada includes many loan words from Sanskrit. Some unaltered loan words (Sanskrit: तत्सम, romanized: tatsama, lit. 'same as that'') include dina, 'day', kōpa, …