Journalism - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Production 2 Forms Toggle Forms subsection 2.1 Social media 2.2 Fake news 3 History Toggle History subsection 3.1 Antiquity 3.2 Early modern newspapers 3.2.1 News media and the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries 3.3 Early 20th century 3.3.1 China 3.3.2 France 3.3.3 Great Britain 3.3.4 India 3.3.5 United States 3.3.5.1 African-American press 3.3.5.2 College 3.3.5.3 Writing for experts or for ordinary citizens 3.4 Television 3.5 Digital age 3.6 Demographics in 2016 4 Ethics and standards Toggle Ethics and standards subsection 4.1 Codes of ethics 5 Legal status Toggle Legal status subsection 5.1 Right to protect confidentiality of sources 6 See also Toggle See also subsection 6.1 Reviews 6.2 Academic journals 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Toggle the table of contents Journalism 135 languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Boarisch Žemaitėška Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Беларуская Betawi Български भोजपुरी বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Bosanski Català Нохчийн کوردی Qırımtatarca Čeština Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Français Gaeilge Kriyòl gwiyannen Galego Avañe'ẽ ગુજરાતી Hausa עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois Jawa Taqbaylit Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Къарачай-малкъар Kurdî Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lombard Lietuvių Latviešu Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nedersaksies Plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Русский Русиньскый Саха тыла Sicilianu سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska Kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Tagalog Toki pona Türkçe Татарча / tatarça ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 中文 Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Production of reports on current events "Reportage" redirects here. For other uses, see Reportage (disambiguation). For the academic journal, see Journalism (journal). For the horse, see Journalism (horse). Journalism News Article (Headline · Byline · Dateline · Report · Special report · Exclusive · Interview · Column · Editorial · Op-ed) Writing style (Five Ws · Inverted pyramid) Index of journalism articles Beats Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Local Medicine Music Politics Science Sports Technology Traffic Video games War Weather World Genres Adversarial Advocacy (Interventionism) Analytic Blogging Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics-based Community Database Enterprise Explanatory Feature story Gonzo Human-interest Immersion Infotainment/Soft media Interpretive Investigative Long-form Narrative New Journalism Opinion Peace Sensor Underground Visual Watchdog Ethics and standards Broadcast Chequebook Churnalism Codes of ethics Culture Editing (Copy editing · Corrections · Fact-checking · Spiking) Fake news (Websites) Horse race Journalese Media bias (False balance) News values (Above the fold · Man bites dog) Objectivity Pink-slime Scandals Sensationalism Sources Tabloid (Television) Yellow Journalism school (Student publication) Challenges Decline of newspapers (News desert) Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Editorial independence (Independent · State) Media capture · Media plurality Freedom of information Freedom of the press (Defamation · Safety) Source protection Public relations Media manipulation Media relations News embargo News leak News propaganda (Model) Press conference (Media scrum) Press gallery Press line Press pass Press pool Press release Sound bite Spin Spin room News media Newspapers (Newspaper of record · Middle-market · Newspaper formats · Broadsheet · Tabloid · Online · Extra edition) Magazines Broadcast (TV and radio) Digital Multimedia (Video) Documentary film/television News agencies Alternative media Nonprofit Public service Public broadcasting Newsroom Journalist (Staff writer · Correspondent · Photojournalist · News presenter) Columnist Editors (Editor-in-chief · Managing editor · Political editor · Editorial board · Assignment editor · Duty editor · Public editor · Editor-at-large · Contributing editor) Weather presenter News bureau News director Pundit Stringer Journalism portal Category: Journalism v t e Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on events, facts, ideas, and people that constitute the "news of the day" and inform society with a commitment to accuracy and verification. The word, a noun, applies to the occupation (professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizing literary styles. The role of journalism varies across countries, as do perceptions of the profession and its status. In some nations, news media are controlled by the government and lack independence.[1] In others, news media operate independently of government influence and function as private enterprises. Legal frameworks also differ, particularly regarding freedom of speech, freedom of the press, slander, and libel. Scholars have also examined journalism’s role in globalization, highlighting its contribution to increasing global interconnectedness.[2] In recent years, the rise of the internet and digital media has significantly changed how people access and consume information, with a growing preference for online sources. In some regions, this shift has contributed to the decline or disappearance of traditional print newspapers.[3] The widespread use of the internet and smartphones has transformed the media landscape since the early 21st century, with audiences increasingly accessing news through e-readers, mobile devices, and digital platforms rather than traditional formats such as newspapers, magazines, or television news. News organizations face ongoing challenges in monetizing digital content and adapting print models to evolving consumption patterns. As a result, print revenues have declined more rapidly than the growth of digital income streams.[4] Production [edit] Journalistic conventions vary by country. In the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often regarded as journalists. The Federal Trade Commission requires that bloggers who write about products received as promotional gifts, disclose that they received the products for free. This is intended to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers.[5] In the US, many credible news organizations are incorporated entities, have an editorial board, and exhibit separate editorial and advertising departments. Many credible news organizations, or their employees, often belong to and abide by the ethics of professional organizations such as the American Society of News Editors, the Society of Professional Journalists, Investigative Reporters & Editors, Inc., or the Online News Association. Many news organizations also have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists' professional publications. When crafting news stories, regardless of the medium, fairness and media bias are issues of concern to journalists. Some stories are intended to represent the author's own opinion; others are more neutral or feature balanced points of view. For instance, as per the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), there are 8,469 journalists in Australia, encompassing editors as well as those working in radio, television, and print. Research reveals considering where journalists actually live gives insight into which communities have their stories told firsthand while others are told by outsiders.[6] In a traditional print newspaper and its online version, information is organized into sections. This makes clear the distinction between content based on fact and on opinion. In other media, many of these distinctions break down. Readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand the journalist's intent. Opinion pieces are generally written by regular columnists or appear in a section titled "Op-ed", these reflect a journalist's own opinions and ideology.[7] While feature stories, breaking news, and hard news stories typically make efforts to remove opinion from the copy. According to Robert McChesney, healthy journalism in a democratic country must provide an opinion of people in power and who wish to be in power, must include a range of opinions and must regard the informational needs of all people.[8] Many debates center on whether journalism ethics require them to be objective and neutral. Arguments include the fact that journalists produce news out of and as part of a particular social context, and that they are guided by professional codes of ethics and do their best to represent all legitimate points of view. Additionally, the ability to render a subject's complex and fluid narrative with sufficient accuracy is sometimes challenged by the time available to spend with subjects, the affordances or constraints of the medium used to tell the story, and the evolving nature of people's identities.[9] Forms [edit] Main article: Journalism genres There are several forms of journalism with diverse audiences. Journalism is said to serve the role of a "fourth estate", acting as a watchdog on the workings of the government. A single publication (such as a newspaper) contains many forms of journalism, each of which may be presented in different formats. Each section of a newspaper, magazine, or website may cater to a different audience.[10][11] Photojournalists photographing US President Barack Obama in November 2013 Photo and broadcast journalists interviewing a government official after a building collapse in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. March 2013. Some forms include: Access journalism – journalists who self-censor and voluntarily cease speaking about issues that might embarrass their hosts, guests, or powerful politicians or businesspersons. Advocacy journalism – writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience. Broadcast journalism – written or spoken journalism for radio or televisionJournalists in the Radio-Canada/CBC newsroom in Montreal, Canada Media greeting Cap Anamur II's Rupert Neudeck in Hamburg, 1986 at a press conference Business journalism – tracks, records, analyzes and interprets the business, economic and financial activi…