Quran - Wikipedia

Quran - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Etymology and meaning 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Prophetic era 2.2 Compilation and preservation 2.2.1 Traditional views 2.2.2 Lack of a critical edition of the Quran 3 Modern scholarship Toggle Modern scholarship subsection 3.1 Development from oral recitations to a written text 4 Contents Toggle Contents subsection 4.1 Creation and God 4.2 Prophetic stories 4.3 Ethico-religious concepts 4.4 As a source of law and judgment 4.5 Eschatology 5 Text and arrangement Toggle Text and arrangement subsection 5.1 Literary style 5.1.1 Inimitability 6 Significance in Islam Toggle Significance in Islam subsection 6.1 In worship 6.2 In Islamic art 7 Interpretation Toggle Interpretation subsection 7.1 Exoteric and Esoteric interpretations (ta'wil) 8 Translations 9 Recitation Toggle Recitation subsection 9.1 Rules of recitation 9.2 Variant readings 10 Writing and printing Toggle Writing and printing subsection 10.1 Writing 10.2 Printing 11 Criticism 12 Relationship with other literature Toggle Relationship with other literature subsection 12.1 Relationship with Jewish and Christian texts 12.2 Relationship with Arab writing 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References Toggle References subsection 15.1 Citations 15.2 Sources 16 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 16.1 Introductory texts 16.2 Traditional Quranic commentaries (tafsir) 16.3 Topical studies 16.4 Literary criticism 16.5 Encyclopedias 16.6 Academic journals 17 External links Toggle External links subsection 17.1 Reference material 17.2 Manuscripts 17.3 Quran browsers and translation Toggle the table of contents Quran 208 languages Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар अवधी Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Беларуская Betawi Български भोजपुरी Banjar Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Буряад Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Zazaki Dolnoserbski ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Fulfulde Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Arpetan Frysk Gaeilge Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Hausa עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Kumoring Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Kurdî Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Limburgs Ladin Lombard Lietuvių Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Malagasy Олык марий Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Napulitano Plattdüütsch नेपाली Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål ߒߞߏ Nupe Occitan Oromoo Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Picard Polski پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Armãneashti Русский Русиньскый संस्कृतम् Саха тыла Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Toki pona Türkçe Татарча / tatarça ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 文言閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語中文 IsiZulu Edit links Article Talk English Read View source View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read View source View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Central religious text of Islam This article is about the central religious text of Islam. For other uses, see Quran (disambiguation). "Koran" redirects here. For the surname, see Koran (surname). ''See [[sūrah]]''"},"period":{"wt":"610–632 CE"},"name":{"wt":"Quran"},"caption":{"wt":"Two [[folio]]s of the [[Birmingham Quran manuscript]], an [[Early Quranic manuscripts|early manuscript]] written in [[Hijazi script]] on parchment [[carbon-dated]] to {{circa|568–645}}, overlapping with [[Muhammad]]'s lifetime"},"subheader":{"wt":"{{Lang|ar|الْقُرْآن}} {{Transliteration|ar|al-Qurʾān}}"},"native_wikisource":{"wt":"القرآن الكريم"},"orig_lang_code":{"wt":"ar"},"wikisource":{"wt":"Quran"},"verses":{"wt":"6,348 (including the ''[[basmala]]'') 6,236 (excluding the ''basmala'') ''See [[Āyah]]''"}},"i":0}}]}'>Quran الْقُرْآن al-Qurʾān Two folios of the Birmingham Quran manuscript, an early manuscript written in Hijazi script on parchment carbon-dated to c. 568–645, overlapping with Muhammad's lifetime Information Religion Islam Language Classical Arabic Period 610–632 CE Chapters 114 (list) See sūrah Verses 6,348 (including the basmala) 6,236 (excluding the basmala) See Āyah Full text Quran at Arabic Wikisource Quran at English Wikisource Part of a series on Quran History Waḥy First revelation Asbab al-Nuzul Historicity Manuscripts Hijazi script Sanaa manuscript Birmingham manuscript Codex Mashhad Codex Parisino-petropolitanus Kufic Samarkand manuscript Blue Quran Isfahan Quran Palermo Quran Topkapı manuscript Codices Uthmanic codex Codex of Ibn Mas'ud Codex of Ubayy ibn Ka'b Codex of Ali Codex of Aisha Divisions Surah List Meccan Medinan Āyah Juz' Muqatta'at Al-Fatiha Al-Musabbihat Al-Mu'awwidhatayn Content Counter-discourse Self-referential discourse Cosmology Punishment narratives Prophets Muhammad No compulsion Human rights Women Animals Justice Slavery Violence Miracles Parables Legends Science Eschatology God Reading Hifz Tajwid Qāriʾ Qira'at Ten recitations Warsh Hafs Tilawa Tarteel Sujud Ahruf Translations List Ahmadiyya Bengali English Hebrew Exegesis List Hermeneutics Esotericism Literalism Createdness Literariness Abrogation Jurisprudence Muhkam and Mutashabih Biblical parallels Related persons Mentioned by name Characteristics I'jaz Inerrancy Related topics Criticism Attempted imitations Miniature Board Digital Quran and Sunnah Quranism Shi’a view Islam portal Category v t e The Qurandictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref> especially with the spelling ''quran'' {{IPAc-en|k|ʊ|ˈ|r|ɑː|n}}, {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|r|æ|n}};<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Quran quran]</ref> including British English {{IPAc-en|k|ɒ|ˈ|r||ɑː|n}}.<ref>Cambridge dictionary: [http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/the-koran koran]</ref><ref>Cambridge dictionary: [http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/the-qur-an?q=qur%27an quran]</ref>"}},"i":0}}]}'>[a] (Arabic: الْقُرْآن,[b][c] literal translation"}]],"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"literal translation","href":"./Template:Literal_translation"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"the recitation"},"2":{"wt":"the lecture"}},"i":0}}]}'>lit. 'the recitation' or 'the lecture'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran,{{Cite OED1|Alcoran|volume=1|page=[https://archive.org/stream/oed01arch#page/210/mode/1up 210]|year=1888}}</ref><ref name=\"Ngram\">{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Alcoran%2CKoran%2CQuran%2C+Qur%27an&year_start=1700&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2CAlcoran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKoran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CQuran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CQur%27an%3B%2Cc0t1 |title=Google Books Ngram Viewer |website=Google Books |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> The form '''Koran''' was most predominant from the second half of the 18th century until the 1980s, when it has been superseded by either '''Qur'an''' or '''Quran'''.<ref name=\"Ngram\" /><ref>{{Cite OED1|Koran|volume=5|page=[https://archive.org/stream/newenglishdict05murrmiss#page/753/mode/1up 753]|year=1901}}</ref><ref name=\"OED-Koran\">{{OED|Koran}}</ref><ref name=\"OED-Quran\">{{OED|Quran}}</ref> Other transliterations include ''al-Coran'', ''Coran'', ''Kuran'' and ''al-Qur'an''. The adjectives vary as well and include ''Koranic'', ''Quranic'' and ''Qur'anic'' (sometimes in lowercase).<ref name=\"MWD-Koran\">{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Koran}}</ref>"}},"i":0}}]}">[d] is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allāh). It is organized in 114 chapters (sūrah, plural"}]],"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"pl.","href":"./Template:Pl."},"params":{},"i":0}}]}'>pl. suwar) which consist of individual verses (āyah). Besides its religious significance, it is widely regarded as the finest work in Arabic literature[11][12][13] and has significantly influenced the Arabic language. Muslims believe the Quran was orally revealed by God to the final Islamic prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel incrementally over a period of some 23 years, beginning on the Laylat al-Qadr when Muhammad was 40 and concluding in 11 AH/632 CE, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as Muhammad's most important miracle, a proof of his prophethood, and the culmination of a series of divine messages starting with those revealed to the first Islamic prophet Adam, including the holy books of the Torah, Psalms, and Gospel in Islam. The Quran is believed by Muslims to be God's own divine speech providing a complete code of conduct across all facets of life. This has led Muslim theologians to fiercely debate whether the Quran was "created or uncreated". According to tradition, several of Muhammad's companions served as scribes, recording the revelations. Shortly after Muhammad's death, the Quran was compiled on the order of the first caliph Abu Bakr (reigned"}]]}'>r. 632–634) by the companions, who had written down or memorized parts of it. Caliph Uthman (reigned"}]]}'>r. 644–656) established a standard version, now known as the Uthmanic codex, which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today. There are, however, canonical variant readings (qirāʾāt), transmitted through oral tradition, with minor variations in wording and nuance that may lead to subtle differences in meaning, while preserving the core message of the Quran. It is the subject of a modern field of academic research known as Quranic studies. Some argue that manuscript evidence, textual variants (such as the Sanaa manuscript), and historical sources suggest a more gradual and complex process of compilation and canonization. The Quran describes itself as …