Aeneid - Wikipedia

Aeneid - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Mythology and origins 2 Story Toggle Story subsection 2.1 Journey to Italy (books 1–6) 2.1.1 Theme 2.1.2 Book 1: Storm and refuge 2.1.3 Book 2: Trojan Horse and sack of Troy 2.1.4 Book 3: Wanderings 2.1.5 Book 4: Fate of Queen Dido 2.1.6 Book 5: Sicily 2.1.7 Book 6: Underworld 2.2 War in Italy (books 7–12) 2.2.1 Book 7: Arrival in Latium and outbreak of war 2.2.2 Book 8: Visit to Pallanteum, site of future Rome 2.2.3 Book 9: Turnus' siege of Trojan camp 2.2.4 Book 10: First battle 2.2.5 Book 11: Armistice and battle with Camilla 2.2.6 Book 12: Final battle and duel of Aeneas and Turnus 3 Reception 4 Virgil's death, and editing 5 History 6 Style Toggle Style subsection 6.1 Structure 7 Themes Toggle Themes subsection 7.1 Pietas 7.2 Divine intervention 7.3 Fate 7.4 Violence and conflict 7.5 Propaganda 8 Allegory 9 Influence 10 English translations 11 Adaptations Toggle Adaptations subsection 11.1 Parodies and travesties 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Toggle External links subsection 16.1 Translations 16.2 Text 16.3 Sequels 16.4 Illustrations 16.5 Commentary Toggle the table of contents Aeneid 93 languages Afrikaans Aragonés Ænglisc العربية مصرى Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Basa Bali Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Беларуская Български বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Arpetan Furlan Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni עברית Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ilokano Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois ქართული Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Kurdî Latina Lingua Franca Nova Ligure Lietuvių Latviešu Македонски മലയാളം Монгол Bahasa Melayu Malti မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk bokmål Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Scots Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Tagalog Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语粵語中文 Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Latin epic poem by Virgil Not to be confused with Enneads or Eneida. "},"caption":{"wt":"Manuscript circa 1470, [[Cristoforo Majorana]]"},"subtitle":{"wt":""},"author":{"wt":"[[Virgil]]"},"original_title":{"wt":"AENEIS"},"original_title_lang":{"wt":"la"},"translator":{"wt":"[[John Dryden]] [[Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey]] [[Seamus Heaney]] [[Allen Mandelbaum]] [[Robert Fitzgerald]] [[Robert Fagles]] [[Frederick Ahl]] [[Sarah Ruden]]"},"written":{"wt":"29–19 BC"},"first":{"wt":"19 BC"},"illustrator":{"wt":""},"cover_artist":{"wt":""},"country":{"wt":"[[Roman Republic]], [[Roman Empire]]"},"language":{"wt":"[[Classical Latin]]"},"series":{"wt":""},"subject":{"wt":"[[Epic Cycle]], [[Trojan War]], [[Founding of Rome]]"},"genre":{"wt":"[[Epic poem]]"},"form":{"wt":""},"meter":{"wt":"[[Dactylic hexameter]]"},"rhyme":{"wt":""},"publisher":{"wt":""},"publication_date":{"wt":"1469"},"publication_date_en":{"wt":"{{start date and age|1697}}"},"media_type":{"wt":"[[Manuscript]]"},"lines":{"wt":"9,896"},"pages":{"wt":""},"size_weight":{"wt":""},"isbn":{"wt":""},"oclc":{"wt":""},"preceded_by":{"wt":"''[[Georgics]]''"},"followed_by":{"wt":""},"wikisource":{"wt":"Aeneid"}},"i":0}}]}'>Aeneid by Virgil Manuscript circa 1470, Cristoforo Majorana Original title AENEIS Translator John Dryden Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey Seamus Heaney Allen Mandelbaum Robert Fitzgerald Robert Fagles Frederick Ahl Sarah Ruden Written 29–19 BC First published in 19 BC Country Roman Republic, Roman Empire Language Classical Latin Subject(s) Epic Cycle, Trojan War, Founding of Rome Genre Epic poem Meter Dactylic hexameter Publication date 1469 Published in English 1697; 329 years ago (1697) Media type Manuscript Lines 9,896 Preceded by Georgics Full text Aeneid at Wikisource Aeneas Flees Burning Troy, by Federico Barocci (1598). Galleria Borghese, Rome, Italy Map of Aeneas' legendary journey The Aeneid (/ɪˈniːɪd/ ih-NEE-id; Latin: Aeneis [ae̯ˈneːɪs]) is a Latin epic poem that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who fled the fall of Troy and travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. Written by the Roman poet Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, the Aeneid comprises 9,896 lines in dactylic hexameter.[1] The first six of its twelve books tell the story of Aeneas' wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the latter six tell of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the Latins, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed. The hero Aeneas was already known to Graeco-Roman legend and myth, having been a character in the Iliad. Virgil took the disconnected tales of Aeneas' wanderings, his vague association with the foundation of Rome, and his description as a personage of no fixed characteristics other than a scrupulous pietas, and fashioned the Aeneid into a compelling founding myth or national epic that tied Rome to the legends of Troy, explained the Punic Wars, glorified traditional Roman virtues, and legitimised the Julio-Claudian dynasty as descendants of the founders, heroes, and gods of Rome and Troy. The Aeneid is widely regarded as Virgil's masterpiece and one of the greatest works of Latin literature.[2][3] Mythology and origins [edit] Trojan War Achilles tending the wounded Patroclus (Attic red-figure kylix, c. 500 BC) Literary sources Iliad Odyssey Epic Cycle Aeneid, Book 2 Iphigenia in Aulis Philoctetes Ajax The Trojan Women Posthomerica See also: Trojan War in literature and the arts Episodes Judgement of Paris Seduction of Helen Trojan Horse Sack of Troy The Returns Wanderings of Odysseus Aeneas and the Founding of Rome Greeks and allies Agamemnon Achilles Helen Menelaus Nestor Odysseus Ajax Diomedes Patroclus Thersites Achaeans Myrmidons See also: Achaean Leaders, Catalogue of Ships Trojans and allies Priam Hecuba Hector Paris Helen Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Memnon Troilus Penthesilea and the Amazons Sarpedon Deiphobos Helenus See also: Trojan Battle Order, Trojan Leaders Participant gods Caused the war: Eris On the Greek side: Athena Hephaestus Hera Hermes Thetis Poseidon On the Trojan side: Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Leto Scamander Zeus Historicity Ahhiyawa Alaksandu Archaeology of Troy Attarsiya Hisarlık Homeric Question Late Bronze Age Troy Manapa-Tarhunta letter Milawata letter Tawagalawa letter Trojan language Wilusa See also: Historicity of the Iliad Related topics Bronze Age Collapse Euhemerism Homeric Question Mycenae Mycenaean warfare v t e Although the definitive story of Aeneas escaping the fallen Troy and finding a new home in Italy, thus eventually becoming the ancestor of the Romans, was codified by Virgil, the myth of Aeneas' post-Troy adventures predates him by centuries.[4] As Greek settlements began to expand starting in the sixth century BC, Greek colonists would often try to connect their new homes, and the native people they found there, to their pre-existing mythology;[4][5] the Odyssey containing Odysseus's travels in many far away lands already provided such a link.[5] Aeneas's story reflects not just Roman, but rather a combination of various Greek, Etruscan, Latin and Roman elements.[5] Troy provided for a very suitable narrative for the Greek colonists in Magna Graecia and Sicily who wished to link their new homelands with themselves,[6] and the Etruscans, who would have adopted the story of Aeneas in Italy first, and quickly became associated with him.[5] Greek vases as early as the sixth century BC provide evidence for these early Greek mythological accounts of Aeneas founding a new home in Etruria predating Virgil by a wide margin,[7] and he was known to have been worshipped in Lavinium, the city he founded.[6] The discovery of thirteen large altars in Lavinium indicates early Greek influence, dating to the sixth through fourth century BC.[7] In the following centuries, the Romans would come in contact with Greek colonies, conquer them and subsume the legend of Aeneas into their own mythological narratives.[8] It is most likely that they fully became interested in Greek myths—and their incorporation into their own foundation legends concerning Rome and the Roman people—following the war against King Pyrrhus of Epirus in 280 BC,[9] as Troy offered a way to insert Rome into Greek historical tradition as good as the one it had in the past for Greeks to link themselves to their new lands.[6] Literary evidence of a pre-Virgil attestation of Aeneas' journey can also be found. A fragment usually attributed to the fifth-century BC logographer Hellanicus of Lesbos' lost History of the Priestesses of Argos states that Rome was founded by Aeneas with the help of Odysseus and named after Rhome, a Trojan woman Aeneas was acquainted with.[10] The attribution of this passage to Hellanicus has been met with some doubt and rejection, but other scholars are less dismissive.[11] Around the fourth century BC, an otherwise unknown Alcimus apparently made Aeneas the father of Romulus by Tyrrhenia. Romulus' then grandson Rhomus (Remus) went on to found Rome.[12] Story [edit] See also: Category:Characters in the Aeneid The Aeneid can be divided into halves based on the disparate subject matter of Books 1–6 (Aeneas' journey to Latium in Italy), commonly associated with Homer's Odyssey, and Books 7–12 (the war in Latium), mirroring the Iliad. These two halves are commonly regarded as reflecting Virgil's ambition to rival Homer by treating both the Odyssey's wandering theme and the Iliad's warfare themes.[13] This is, however, a rough correspondence.[14] Journey to Italy (books 1–6) [edit] Theme [edit] Virgil begins his poem with a statement of his theme (Arma virumque cano ..., "Of arms and the man I sing ...") and an invocation to the Muse, falling some seven lines after the poem's inception (Musa, mihi causas memora ..., "O Muse, recount to me the causes ..."). He then explains the reason for the principal conflict in the story: the resentment held by the goddess Juno against the Trojan people. This is consistent with her role throughout the Homeric epics. Book 1: Storm and refuge [edit] In the manner of Homeric epic, the story begins in medias res (into the middle of things), with the Trojan fleet in the eastern Mediterranean, heading in the direction of Ita…