Bacteria - Wikipedia

Bacteria - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Etymology 2 Knowledge of bacteria 3 Origin and early evolution 4 Habitat 5 Morphology Toggle Morphology subsection 5.1 Size 5.2 Shape 5.3 Multicellularity 5.4 Biofilms 6 Cellular structure Toggle Cellular structure subsection 6.1 Intracellular structures 6.2 Extracellular structures 6.3 Endospores 7 Metabolism 8 Reproduction and growth 9 Genetics 10 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection 10.1 Movement 10.2 Communication 11 Classification and identification Toggle Classification and identification subsection 11.1 Classification by staining 11.2 Classification by culturing 11.3 Molecular classification 12 Phyla Toggle Phyla subsection 12.1 Valid phyla 12.2 Candidate phyla 13 Interactions with other organisms Toggle Interactions with other organisms subsection 13.1 Commensals 13.2 Predators 13.3 Mutualists 13.4 Pathogens 14 Significance in technology and industry 15 History of bacteriology 16 See also 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 External links Toggle the table of contents Bacteria 175 languages Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Беларуская Български भोजपुरी বাংলা Brezhoneg Bosanski Буряад Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Cebuano ᏣᎳᎩ کوردی Čeština Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk Frysk Gaeilge Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Gĩkũyũ Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Kurdî Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Latviešu Madhurâ Malagasy Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Napulitano Plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Nouormand Occitan Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sunda Svenska Kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Tagalog Toki pona Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh 文言閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語中文 IsiZulu Edit links Article Talk English Read View source View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read View source View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikiquote Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Domain of microorganisms "Bacterium" redirects here. For the genus, see Bacterium (genus). For other uses, see Bacteria (disambiguation). {{Cite web |title=31. Ancient Life: Apex Chert Microfossils |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/marslife/slide_31.html |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.lpi.usra.edu }}</ref>–[[Holocene|Present]] {{long fossil range|3500|0}}"},"image":{"wt":"E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg"},"image_caption":{"wt":"[[Scanning electron microscope|Scanning electron micrograph]] of ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' [[bacillus (shape)|rods]]"},"taxon":{"wt":"Bacteria"},"authority":{"wt":"[[Carl Woese|Woese]] ''et al.'' 2024<ref name=\"valid-dom-kingdom\">{{cite journal | vauthors = Göker M, Oren A | title = Valid publication of names of two domains and seven kingdoms of prokaryotes | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | date = January 2024 | pmid = 38252124 | doi = 10.1099/ijsem.0.006242 | doi-access = free }} – this article represents the valid publication of the name Bacteria. Although Woese proposed the separation from Archaea in 1990, the name was not valid until this article from 2024, hence the date.</ref>"},"type_genus":{"wt":"''[[Bacillus]]''"},"type_genus_authority":{"wt":"Cohn 1872 (Approved Lists 1980)<ref name=\"Parte-2020\" />"},"subdivision_ranks":{"wt":"Kingdoms"},"subdivision":{"wt":"* [[Bacillati]]\n* [[Fusobacteriota|Fusobacteriati]]\n* [[Pseudomonadati]]\n* [[Thermotogati]]\nAnd see [[#Phyla|text]]\n{{Collapse top|title=''[[Incertae sedis]]'' genera and species<ref>{{lpsn|family/bacteria-no-family|[Bacteria, not assigned to family<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}</ref><ref>{{lpsn|genus/microvibrio|[Microvibrio<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}</ref><ref>{{lpsn|genus/pedodermatophilus|[Pedodermatophilus<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}</ref><ref>{{lpsn|genus/pelosigma|[Pelosigma<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}</ref>|left=yes|padding=0|border=0|border2=0|bg=clear|bg2=clear}}\n*\"[[Candidatus Aegiribacteria|''Ca.'' Aegiribacteria]]\"\n*\"''[[Aerosphaera]]''\"\n*\"''[[Anhaltia]]''\"\n*''[[Archaeoscillatoriopsis]]''\n*''[[Cyanotheca]]''\n*\"''[[Eoleptonema]]''\"\n*\"''[[Ferrimonilis]]''\"\n*\"[[Candidatus Ferristratum|''Ca.'' Ferristratum]]\"\n*\"''[[Hafniella]]''\"\n*\"''[[Hygrocrocis]]''\"\n*\"''[[Koukoulia]]''\"\n*\"''[[Magnoovum]]''\"\n*\"''[[Nonospora]]''\"\n*\"[[Candidatus Ovibacter|''Ca.'' Ovibacter]]\"\n*\"''[[Plutoneptunites]]''\"\n*\"''[[Primaevifilum]]''\"\n*\"''[[Proteusbacillus]]''\"\n*\"''[[Ramacia]]''\"\n*\"''[[Rappaport (Bacteria)|Rappaport]]''\"\n*\"''[[Sphingoterrabacterium]]''\"\n*\"''[[Terrahaemophilus]]''\"\n*\"''[[Thiodendron]]''\"\n*\"''[[Microvibrio marinus]]''\"\n*\"''[[Pedodermatophilus halotolerans]]''\"\n*\"''[[Pelosigma cohnii]]''\"\n{{Collapse bottom}}"},"synonyms":{"wt":"* \"Bacteria\" ([[Ferdinand Cohn|Cohn]] 1872) [[Cavalier-Smith]] 1983\n* \"Bacteria\" [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]] 1894\n* \"Bacteria\" Cavalier-Smith 2002\n* \"Bacteriaceae\" Cohn 1872a\n* \"Bacteriobionta\" Möhn 1984\n* \"Bacteriophyta\" Schussnig 1925\n* \"Eubacteria\" Woese and Fox 1977\n* \"Neobacteria\" Möhn 1984\n* \"Schizomycetaceae\" de Toni and Trevisan 1889\n* \"Schizomycetes\" Nägeli 1857"}},"i":6}}]}'> Bacteria Temporal range: Paleoarchean[1]–Present 3500–0 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli rods Scientific classification Domain: Bacteria Woese et al. 2024[2] Type genus Bacillus Cohn 1872 (Approved Lists 1980)[3] Kingdoms Bacillati Fusobacteriati Pseudomonadati Thermotogati And see text Incertae sedis genera and species[4][5][6][7] "Ca. Aegiribacteria" "Aerosphaera" "Anhaltia" Archaeoscillatoriopsis Cyanotheca "Eoleptonema" "Ferrimonilis" "Ca. Ferristratum" "Hafniella" "Hygrocrocis" "Koukoulia" "Magnoovum" "Nonospora" "Ca. Ovibacter" "Plutoneptunites" "Primaevifilum" "Proteusbacillus" "Ramacia" "Rappaport" "Sphingoterrabacterium" "Terrahaemophilus" "Thiodendron" "Microvibrio marinus" "Pedodermatophilus halotolerans" "Pelosigma cohnii" Synonyms "Bacteria" (Cohn 1872) Cavalier-Smith 1983 "Bacteria" Haeckel 1894 "Bacteria" Cavalier-Smith 2002 "Bacteriaceae" Cohn 1872a "Bacteriobionta" Möhn 1984 "Bacteriophyta" Schussnig 1925 "Eubacteria" Woese and Fox 1977 "Neobacteria" Möhn 1984 "Schizomycetaceae" de Toni and Trevisan 1889 "Schizomycetes" Nägeli 1857 Bacteria are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit the air, soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria play a vital role in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients and the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in mutualistic, commensal and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised and there are many species that cannot be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology. Like all animals, humans carry vast numbers (approximately 1013 to 1014) of bacteria.[8] Most are in the gut, though there are many on the skin. Most of the bacteria in and on the body are harmless or rendered so by the protective effects of the immune system, and many are beneficial,[9] particularly the ones in the gut. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, tuberculosis, tetanus and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. Bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector (biomining, bioleaching), as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals. Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes ("fission fungi"), bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells contain circular chromosomes, do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.[10] Unlike Archaea, bacteria contain ester-linked lipids in the cell membrane,[11] possess elongation factors that are resistant to ADP-ribosylation by diphtheria toxin,[12] use formylmethionine in protein synthesis initiation,[13] and have numerous genetic differences, including a different 16S rRNA.[14] Etymology Rod-shaped Bacillus subtilis The word bacteria (/bækˈtɪəriə/ ⓘ; singular form"}]],"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Singular","href":"./Template:Singular"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}'>sing.: bacterium) is the plural of the Neo-Latin …